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Zhu et al. were the first to provide evidence that TiO2 NPs (21 nm) can transfer from daphnia to zebrafish by dietary exposure. Hence, dietary intake could be a major route of exposure to NPs for high trophic level aquatic organisms. Ecological research should therefore focus, not only on the concentration of NPs in the environment, but also on its bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and biomagnification. In addition it has been shown that TiO2 NPs can increase accumulation of other environmental toxicants: enhanced accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) was found in carp in the presence of TiO2 NPs. The strong adsorption capacity for Cd and As was explained by the large specific surface area and strong electrostatic attraction of TiO2 NPs that contribute to facilitated transport into different organs.

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In conclusion, TiO2 factories have come a long way since their inception, evolving from rudimentary production methods to sophisticated processes that prioritize both quality and environmental stewardship. As demand for titanium dioxide continues to grow, these facilities will undoubtedly play a vital role in shaping the future of this versatile compound while navigating the complex landscape of resource availability, technological innovation, and ecological responsibility.

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